Turbulence
Turbulence is the irregular and chaotic motion of fluid particles in a flow. In the context of space and astronautical engineering, turbulence can occur in the Earth's atmosphere, as well as in the fluid flows around spacecraft and rockets during launch and re-entry. Turbulence can cause significant stress on the vehicle and its components, leading to structural damage and failure. Engineers use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and wind tunnel testing to predict and mitigate the effects of turbulence on spacecraft and rockets. Additionally, turbulence can affect the accuracy of remote sensing instruments, such as telescopes and cameras, by distorting the light passing through the atmosphere.
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