Physiological Impacts


Physiological impacts refer to the effects that spaceflight has on the human body. These impacts can include changes in bone density, muscle mass, cardiovascular function, immune system response, and sensory-motor coordination. Exposure to microgravity, radiation, and other environmental factors in space can also lead to alterations in gene expression and cellular function. Astronauts must undergo rigorous physical training and medical monitoring before, during, and after spaceflight to mitigate these impacts and maintain their health and performance. Research on physiological impacts is critical for advancing our understanding of human adaptation to space and developing countermeasures to protect astronauts on long-duration missions.


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