Integrated Circuit
An integrated circuit (IC) is a miniaturized electronic circuit consisting of active and passive electronic components (transistors, diodes, resistors, capacitors) fabricated on a single semiconductor substrate or chip. The components are interconnected by metallization layers and vias etched into the substrate. ICs can be classified into analog, digital, and mixed-signal circuits depending on their functionality. They are widely used in space and astronautical engineering for their compactness, reliability, and low power consumption. ICs are used in spacecraft for various purposes such as communication, navigation, control, and scientific instrumentation. Radiation-hardened ICs are designed to withstand the harsh radiation environment of space. ICs have revolutionized the space industry by enabling the development of small, lightweight, and low-cost spacecraft with advanced capabilities.
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