Integrated Circuits
Integrated circuits (ICs) are miniaturized electronic circuits that are composed of active and passive components, such as transistors, diodes, resistors, and capacitors, that are fabricated on a single piece of semiconductor material, typically silicon. ICs are the building blocks of modern electronics and are used in a wide range of applications, including computers, smartphones, medical devices, and spacecraft. ICs can be classified into two main categories: analog and digital. Analog ICs are used to process continuous signals, such as sound and radio waves, while digital ICs are used to process discrete signals, such as binary code. ICs have revolutionized the electronics industry by enabling the production of smaller, faster, and more reliable electronic devices.
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